China Society Pamphlets
Number III,
Contemporary Chinese Leaders
Brief Sketches
By
MERLE R. WALKER
Issued by
The China Society of America (Inc.)
19 West 44th Street
New York City
1922
NO RIGHTS RESERVED
REPUBLICATION INVITED
China Society Pamphlets
Number III.
ContemporaryChinese Leaders
Brief Sketches
By
MERLE R. WALKER
Issued by
The China Society of America (Inc.)
19 West 44th Street
New York City
1922
There is a Chinese proverb which says: “When we see men of worth, we should think of equalling them; when we see men of the contrary character—• we should turn inward and examine ourselves” Analects : IV, XVII.
2
FOREWORD
Chinese politics are at present subject to very-sudden changes, and it is therefore extremely difficult to select the twenty-four leaders most likely to figure in the Peking dispatches of the immediate future. This, however, the author has attempted to do; but, in order to make good any omissions and to keep the list up-to-date, he will, from time to time, prepare additional sketches which the China Society will print in pages uniform with those of this pamphlet.
In this way we hope to furnish our members with systematic information concerning new leaders as they come upon the stage.
ROBERT McELROY, Editor.
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
Chang Chien................................ 5
Chang Hsun ................................ 8
Chang Tso Lin............................   8
Caen Chiung Ming........................... 9
Chow Tsu Chi.............................. 10
Chu Chi Chien............................. 11
Feng Yu Hsiang............................ 12
Hsu Shih Chang (Old Hsu).................. 13
Ku Wei Chun (Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo)....	14
Li Yuan Hung.............................. 15
Liang Shih Yi............................. 16
C. C. Nieh................................ 18
Shih Chao Chi (Dr. Alfred Sao-Ke Sze) .... 19
Sun Wen (Sun Yat Sen) .................... 20
Tang Shao Yi.............................. 21
Tsai Ting Kan............................. 22
Tsao Kun.................................. 23
Tuan Chi Jui.............................. 24
Wang Ching Chun (C. C. Wang).............. 24
Wang Chung Hui............................ 25
Wang Cheng Ting (C. T. Wang).............. 26
Wu Chao Chun (C. C. Wu)................... 28
Wu Pei Fu................................. 28
Yen Hui Ching (W. W. Yen)................. 30
4
CHANG CHIEN.
CHANG CHIEN shares with Mr. C. C. Nieh the honor of being the greatest industrial leader in China.
Chang Chien was born in 1853, the son of a farmer in the Tung chow district of Kiangsu, a district north of the Yangtse, famous for its cotton. His father was a farmer on a large scale, and was well known for many miles around as a promoter of benevolent institutions and dispenser of considerable generosity to those less fortunately placed than himself.
Mr. Chang’s first education was received privately in his own home, and his early promise as a scholar was shown long before he reached his sixteenth year, when he took his first degree in the literary examinations of the old order, the degree known as Hsiu Ts’ai. From that time to this he has taken the very greatest interest in national problems and in the welfare of his fellow countrymen.
In 1878-79 China sent troops to Korea to assist that country against invasion by the forces of Japan. Mr. Chang was appointed secretary to the army and took an active part in the military council. After the campaign he presented to the Government several memorials outlining the policy that he believed the Government should adopt for the protection of Korea and for the maintenance of the integrity of Manchuria, urging that the utmost vigilance should be exercised with regard to the activities of Japan. These memorials, however, were pigeon-holed. Mr. Chang then renewed with great energy his literary studies and presented himself for the Metropolitan Examination, wherein he distinguished himself by securing the position of Optimus, a distinction which gave him a national reputation as a scholar.
He then became a chancellor of several academies in the provincial capitals.
In 1898 came the Hundred Days of Reform, which Mr. Chang regarded as premature and too hasty. In 1900, came the Boxer outbreak, during which the bitterness was intense, and Mr. Chang exerted his utmost influence with the then viceroys of the Liang Kiang and the Liang Hu, T. E. Liu, Kun Yih and Chang Chih-tung, to use their fullest powers to prevent the southeastern provinces from joining in the
5
fanatical movement. He also prepared a paper entitled “A Level-headed Suggestion for Reform/’ advocating a change in the form ,of government. This suggestion shared the fate of its predecessors; it was pigeon-holed.
By this time Mr. Chang had entered industrial life and was exerting himself in the reform of education. He was starting cotton mills, oil mills, flour mills, a silk filature, mulberry plantations, iron works, wharf companies, fisheries, a steam navigation company, a salt refinery, a company for the development of waterways, and a land reclamation company. This last concern cultivated land over an area of 1,600 chin.
The capital for all these enterprises was easily forthcoming because of the integrity which was a well-known and widely respected trait in Mr. Chang’s character, and secured for him the confidence of the investing public. It was thus very largely due to Mr. Chang’s initiative that China entered upon her present career of industrial development. On the educational side Mr. Chang devoted the whole of his yearly income to the founding and development of normal schools for students of both sexes, higher elementary schools, elementary schools, agricultural schools, commercial schools, schools of manual training and handwork in the crafts. Normal school work in China was practically initiated by Mr. Chang.
Of philanthropic work Mr. Chang has been responsible for no small amount. An orphanage has been founded at Tungchow under his patronage, accommodating in its various branches no less than 1,700 children.
Enjoying the confidence of the public he was unanimously elected Vice-President of the Kiangsu Railway, President of the Kiangsu Educational Association, President of the Provincial Assembly, President of the National Agricultural Association and of the Central Education Society, which met to discuss many important educational problems in Peking. He was earnest in his efforts to secure the adoption of a constitutional government, and the establishment of representative institutions.
Soon after the outbreak of the Revolution, he was appointed High Commissioner to pacify the people of his native province (Kiangsu) and Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce by the defunct T’sing dynasty, but he declined both.
As a result of the Revolutionary disturbances, the Salt Administration was disorganized, and in
6
order to provide for the needs of the people and of the military, Mr. Chang, always recognized as an authority on the subject, was appointed High Commissioner of the Liang Hwai Salt Administration.
When the Peking Government was formally organized in the autumn of 1913, the President conferred upon him the Second Order of Merit and the first-class Chaohu decoration as a token of appreciation of his valuable service rendered in the formation of the Republic. Mr. Chang, who had already been appointed Director of the Hwai River Conservancy, was appointed to the dual post of Minister of Agriculture and Forestry and of Industry and Commerce, and when the two ministries were amalgamated he was confirmed in office as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. When the Hwai Conservancy Bureau was enlarged and converted into the National Conservancy Bureau in March, 1914, Mr. Chang was made Director General of the Bureau, and in this connection he was commissioned to sign the preliminary agreement for the U. S. Conservancy Loan.
Apart from these Government employments, Mr. Chang has in his private capacity initiated important enterprises in his own district, as well as being the mainstay of the self-development and self-government of the district. He is responsible for the establishment of a medical school, a museum, a library, an experimental forestry station and nursery, a hospital, a public park, an asylum for the poor, a home for the aged infirm, an industrial home for women, a convalescent home, a school for deaf-mutes, and an observatory. All these institutions are the fruit of Mr. Chang’s energy, and are either entirely supported from his private resources or are considerably assisted by him financially, while such works as land survey and registration, river shore conservation, and a program for yearly increase of primary schools are all due to his efforts, though not entirely under his financial support.
7
CHANG HSUN (Field Marshal).
CHANG HSUN is one of the die-hards of the old regime. A native of Kwangsi. He is a typical militarist, having held high rank under both the Manchu dynasty and the Republic. He was successively Brigadier-General in Szechuan; Comman-der-in-Chief, Yunnan; Commander-in-Chief, Kansu, 1908; Commander-in-Chief of the Kiangnan forces in 1911 with headquarters at Nanking, where he was when that city was attacked by the revolutionary forces. He cleverly extricated himelf from this dangerous positon and retreated to the North bank of the Yangtse River, where, having commandeered all the available rolling stock of the Tientsin-Pukow Railway, he continued his withdrawal along that road. For months after the abdication of the Man-chus he refused to recognize the new order. In 1913 he elected to work ostensibly with the Republic and accepted various military positions. He was appointed Field Marshal and High Inspector General of the Yangtse Provinces in 1915.
His chief claim to fame lies in his effort to restore the Manchu dynasty to the throne. In July, 1917, for approximately a week, the Manchu flag flew over the Imperial Palace and the Emperor maintained a form of government concurrent with the President. Tuan Chi-jui, however, soon overthrew Chang Hsun’s forces and Chang sought asylum in the Dutch Legation, where he remained until October, 1918, when he was pardoned by President Hsu. Since that time he has been a bugaboo to the supporters of the Republic. Rumors of an attempt to restore the Emperor in which he prominently figures have been frequent.
CHANG TSO LIN (Field Marshal).
CHANG TSO LIN, but recently called “The Uncrowned King of Manchuria” and the most powerful man in China, is today merely a General, who has suffered decisive defeat.
His origin is shrouded in mystery. Several versions of his early life are current, but as a matter <of fact nothing is known of him until the Russo-Japanese war in 1904, when he appeared as a leader of Hunghutsu, or bandits. He later made his peace with his government and was appointed General in
8
the Chinese Army. His men were metamorphosed from outlaws into "respectable” soldiers.
On the establishment of the Republic in 1911, Chang was appointed Military Governor of Feng-tien. He supported Yuan Shih-kai loyally until Yuan's death, and in 1916 he helped Tuan Chi-jui in restoring the republic after Chang Hsun’s coup d'etat. His strength increased enormously until he absolutely dominated all that part of China north of the Great Wall.
Until his recent crushing defeat at the hands of Wu Pei-fu, General Chang was easily the dominant factor in Chinese politics. His name has frequently been associated with that of Chang Hsun in rumors of an impending restoration of the Emperor to the throne. After his defeat, along the railroad from Peking to Tientsin, he retreated to north of the Great Wall, where the remains of his army now face troops of Wu Pei-fu.
Chang has boasted that his financial strength will enable him quickly to reorganize his position and make him again able to move against Peking. Unbiased reports from Manchuria, however, state that Chang has suffered such a great loss of face as a result of his recent humiliating defeat that he is apt to have difficulty in maintaining his supremacy even in the three eastern provinces.
CHEN CHIUNG MING.
CHEN CHIUNG MING is a native of Kwang-tung, and until recently has been the leader of the military forces back of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. He was Military Governor of Kwangtung in 1913; was implicated in the Yunnan revolt in 1915-16, and in the fall of 1920 led the Kwangtung forces in expelling the Kwangsi government under Gen. Lu Yung Ting and Gen. Tsen Chun Hsuan. Although himself a General, Chen Chiung Ming is most unmilitary. Following the restoration of the Kwangtung Government in Canton, General Chen was appointed Civil Governor of the Province. His first act was to do away with his body guard and disassociate himself entirely from the army.
He is far more interested in social and industrial progress in his native province than in the conquest of his neighbors. During his incumbency as Civil Governor and largely through his inspiration, Canton has made those remarkable strides in mod
9
ernizing itself which have astonished observers. He has all along been sympathetic with the movement of which Wu Pei-fu is the leader in the North, and when it seemed to him that Dr. Sun did not intend to co-operate with Wu, he broke with his chief, assumed the actual leadership of the “Southern Government” and has successfully withstood all Dr. Sun’s efforts to dislodge him.
It is to him that the people of the “South” now look to secure for them in the reorganized government at Peking their proper representation and fair share of influence.
CHOW TSU CHI.
CHOW TSU CHI, who has probably held more cabinet positions than any other Chinese, is one of the most capable officials of the old school and one of China’s leading financial experts.
Born in Shantung something over fifty years ago, he completed his studies in the Chinese classics and received the degree of Master of Arts. His foreign education was begun at Tung Wen College, Peking, and continued at Columbian University, Washington, D. C.
From 1896 to 1899 Mr. Chow was acting Secretary of the Chinese Legation at Washington, and from 1899 to 1900 he was Chinese Consul-General at New York. Between 1901 and 1908 he held successively the positions of Charge d’Affairs at Havana, Consul-General at San Francisco, and First Secretary of Legation at Washington. On his return to China Mr. Chow was made Acting Junior Secretary to the Board of Foreign Affairs at Peking, and in 1909 was made Senior Secretary of the same Board. He again visited the United States as Director of the Chinese Educational Mission to this country in 1910, and in August of the same year was transferred to Prince Tsai Hsun’s naval mission to Japan and America.
In 1911 he attended the coronation of George V. in London, as one of the Imperial representatives, and upon his return to China rejoined the Board of Foreign Affairs.
In November, 1911, Mr. Chow received his first cabinet appointment under the Republic, as Vice-Minister of Finance, and in March, 1912, he became Acting Minister of Finance and shortly afterwards was appointed Military Governor of Shantung. In 1913 Mr. Chow was made Acting Governor of the
10
Bank of China, and later in the year Minister of Communications. In 1914 he held the portfolios concurrently of Acting Minister of War and Minister of Finance. He was Minister of Agriculture and Commerce in 1915, and in 1919 was appointed Director-General of the Bureau of Currency. Following the so-called Anfu trouble in the summer of 1920, Mr. Chow was appointed Minister of Finance for the third time.
Minister Chow is a shrewd and capable diplomat and politician. He is closely associated with Liang Shih-yi as one of the leaders of the old Chiao-tung Clique, or old Communications party, and also in many industrial and commercial enterprises.
CHU CHI CHIEN, i
CHU CHI CHIEN is a native of Kweichow. Educated in the Chinese classics, he received the degree of Master of Arts through competitive examination. Under the Ts’ing dynasty he held various high government positions, among which were Superintendent of Peking Inner Police, Director-General of Mongolian Affairs, Adviser to Viceroy of Manchuria, and Director-General of the Tientsin-Pukow Railway.
Mr. Chu enjoyed the full confidence of ex-Presi-dent Yuan Shih Kai and upon the recommendation of Hsu Shih Chang, President Yuan appointed him Minister of Commerce in 1912.
In 1913, during the second revolution, Mr. Chu was appointed Acting Prime Minister, but refrained from accepting the post. Later in the same year, when the revolution was suppressed, he accepted the portfolio of Minister of the Interior. Under his regime the good roads of Peking were constructed. He played an important part in Yuan’s movement in 1915 to make himself Emperor, and upon Yuan’s death, Mr. Chu resigned his cabinet position and returned to Tientsin, to escape prosecution for his share in the monarchical movement.
At the convocation of the new parliament in 1919 he was elected Vice-Speaker of the Senate, a few days following the issuance of a mandate pardoning him for his association with Yuan’s monarchical movement. Mr. Chu, however, again refused to take office. In 1919 he was Chief of the Northern Peace Delegation to the Chinese peace conference.
He is a powerful leader of the Chiao-tung Clique
11
and probably will be a factor in the present movements to reunify the country.
FENG YU HSIANG.
GENERAL FENG YU HSIANG is famous throughout China as “The Christian General.”
At the time of the Boxer uprising, Feng Yu Hsiang was a young cadet in the Chinese Army, which, though it took no active part in the massacres which attended the summer of 1900, was under instructions to look on while the mob plundered and killed. The fortitude with which the Christian martyrs of that day, especially Miss Mary S. Morrill, met their deaths, made such an impression on him as a youth that, although his conversion to Christianity did not come until 1911, it was largely responsible for it.
Today General Feng is one of the outstanding Christians in China, and his achievements and those of his men in bettering social conditions wherever they have been, have proved one of the strongest influences for the extension of Christianity in their country. As a rule, one of the greatest hardships to which the civilian population in China is subjected is that of being under the “protection” of Chinese troops. Feng Yu Hsiang and his men are among the exceptions. Wherever they go, the country through which they pass is left in better condition than they found it. The cultivation of the poppy is discontinued, public gambling and opium smoking and foot-binding abolished.
His men, of whom approximately ninety per cent, are themselves Christians, are among the best trained and best disciplined soldiers in China. They have their Army Y. M. C. A.’s and facilities for recreation just as American armies have. Education and vocational work are carried on simultaneously with military instruction. Under the inspiration of their General’s leadership, Feng Yu Hsiang’s soldiers are the best fighters in the country. It was largely due to his work that Wu Pei-fu broke Chang Tso-lin’s line on the Peking-Tientsin front in the spring of 1922.
Feng Yu Hsiang stands for everything that is best for China. His influence, already widespread, is growing by leaps and bounds. He has apparently no personal political ambition, and will co-operate with any leader who advocates and works for China’s best interests.
12
HSU SHIH CHANG (Old Hsu).
HSU SHIH CHANG (Old Hsu), recently retired President of China, is ’an enigma.
As a youth he gave little indication of intellectual brilliancy. He did, however, successfully pass the Metropolitan Literary Examinations, thereby qualifying for official position. After holding offices of various ranks, in 1905 he was appointed Probationary Grand Councillor and shortly after was made Minister of Government Council.
From 1907 to 1909 he was Viceroy of Manchuria, which post he relinquished to accept the Presidency of the Board of Communications, and Director-Generalship of the Tientsin-Pukow Railway. Early in 1911, the year of the revolution, he was appointed Vice-Premier of Prince Ching's Cabinet, and later in the same year became Vice-President of the Privy Council. At the same time he was also appointed Chief of General Staff.
In December, 1911, he was made Grand Guardian to the Emperor, the most coveted position under the Manchu dynasty. Following the first revolution Old Hsu went into retirement, from which he emerged in 1915 when he was appointed Secretary of State under the republic, which office he resigned after serving ten months.
He was a “Sworn Brother” of President Yuan Shih-kai and an ardent supporter of his monarchical ambition until Yuan’s effort to establish his own dynasty failed, when he again withdrew from politics for a time.
In September, 1918, he was elected President of the Republic by the so-called “Tuchun Parliament,” and held office until June of this year, when he resigned as a result of the pressure brought to bear on him by Wu Pei-fu and his followers.
Hsu Shih Chang is nicknamed “Old Hsu” by the Chinese, to distinguish him from Hsu Shu Tsing, known as “Little Hsu,” who, since the overthrow of the Anfu Party in 1920, still remains in hiding.
“Old Hsu” is a close friend of Marshal Tuan Chi-jui and shares with him the leadership of the Pei-yang or military party. He exercises strong influence over the old militarists, whose days are now nearing an end. It is doubtful if he will long continue to be a power in Chinese politics.
13
KU WEI CHUN (Dr. V. K. Wellington Koo).
WELLINGTON KOO was well known in the United States while still a collegiate undergraduate. Born in Kiangsu, he began his studies in western education in Chinese schools, and then came to this country, where he studied law at Columbia University. While there he so distinguished himself by his brilliancy in the class-room and popularity on the campus that his name and reputation became familiar throughout this country. At the university he was prominent in athletics; was editor of the school publication; member of the debating team and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
After his return to China his rise in the diplomatic service was meteoric. As the son-in-law of Tang Shao-yi he received many opportunities for advancement, all of which he met with striking success. In May, 1912, he was Secretary to the Republican Cabinet, in August of the same year was Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and in 1914 was made Councillor of the Ministry.
In 1915 he was appointed Minister-Plenipotentiary to Mexico, being at that time the youngest man in the world to hold such rank. He was next promoted to be Minister to the United States, which post he held until 1920, when he was appointed Minister to London, succeeding Dr. Alfred Sze, who took his place at Washington.
In 1918 and 1919 Dr. Koo was one of the Chinese delegates to the Peace Conference at Paris, where he took rank among the leading statesmen of the world, pleading his country’s cause in the face of the strongest possible oppositon with such force and brilliancy as to win the admiration of all who heard him.
At Washington in the winter of 1921, at the Conference on the Limitation of Armaments, he again represented China as one of her three principal delegates and there again added new laurels to his reputation.
Today (August, 1922) he is back in China, where he is bringing his ability and experience to bear in helping to work out the internal problems with which China is now confronted. His present position is that of Chairman of the National Finance Committee.
Dr. Koo is most impressive when addressing an audience in English. There his fluency of speech and remarkable smoothness of diction is truly spellbinding. He is so valuable to his country as her
14
representative abroad that it is probable that as soon as his services are no longer absolutely necessary at Peking he will resume his post at London or Washington.
Editor’s Note: According to news recently received, Dr. Koo has been appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
LI YUAN HUNG (President of China).
GENERAL LI YUAN HUNG, the second president of the Chinese Republic, was born in Hupeh in 1864. After six years’ training at the Peiyang Naval College he graduated in 1888. During the Sino-Japanese War, in 1894, he served on a cruiser. After the war he served under Viceroy Chang Chih-tung at Nanking, and later at Wuchang, where he assisted the Viceroy in training a modern army. Following two years’ study of fortifications in Japan, he returned to China and served on the General Staff at Wuchang, during the five years preceding the revolution of 1911. General Li led the revolutionary forces in the fighting, which resulted in the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty and it was largely due to his efforts that the Shanghai Peace Conference, at which the terms for abdication were settled, was held.
He was elected the first Vice-President of the Republic and re-elected to that office in 1913. General Li made his headquarters at Wuchang until 1914, when he moved to Peking at the request of President Yuan Shih-kai, who, fearing his growing strength and popularity, felt more secure in his own position with Li near him. At Yuan’s death in June, 1916, Li succeeded to the Presidency, which office he held until July, 1917, when he resigned at the time Chang Hsun executed his coup d’etat, which for a few days restored the young Emperor to the throne. This restoration was short-lived for Tuan Chi-jui quickly overthrew Chang Hsun and forced him to seek asylum in the Dutch Legation. President Li, however, refused to resume office and General Feng Kuo-chang succeeded him.
Until the last change in administration in June of this year, General Li remained, in retirement at Tientsin, where he devoted himself to the advancement of many industrial and commercial enterprises which aim at the development of the country. His withdrawal from active political life in no
15
degree lessened the ardor of his large following, which has regarded him as the logical man to unite the country.
Following Wu Pei-fu’s victory over the Manchurian forces of Chang Tso-lin and the resignation of Hsu Shih Chang, General Li resumed the office of President, being inaugurated on June 12th. Almost his first act following his inaugural address was to announce that his salary as Acting President was to be devoted entirely to the payment of the salaries of the faculty members of the Government schools in Peking.
He evidenced his sincerity and broad-mindedness by inviting Dr. Wu Ting-fang to accept the Premiership. Dr. Wu died a few days after the invitation was dispatched and it is not known whether he received it. Determined to make every effort to conciliate the South, General Li has offered the Premiership to Tang Shao-yi, Dr. Wu’s close associate in the Canton Government.
There is no other man in China who seems as likely to be able to guide the country safely through its period of reorganization. His task is most difficult; but, if he can retain the support of Wu Pei-fu, and secure the co-operation of Chen Chiung Ming, he will successfully accomplish it.
LIANG SHIH YI.
LIANG SHIH YI, the last Premier under Hsu Shih Chang, is a native of Kwangtung. Born in 1870. He has a high reputation as a Chinese scholar, having passed the examinations for Chinese Ph. D. with the highest honors. In 1906, Mr. Liang accompanied Tang Shao-yi on his mission to India, as his secretary. Returning to China he was appointed a department chief in the Bureau of Communications, and concurrently held the post of Assistant Director of the Bank of Communications. In 1909 he was promoted to Senior Secretary of the Board of Communications. These posts he resigned in 1911, but in the fall of that year he was appointed Active Vice-Minister of Communications and in December of the same year was made Active Director of the Imperial Posts. For a few months in 1912 he was made Active Minister of Communications, and following the abdication of the Manchus and
16
the election of Yuan to the Presidency of the Republic, he was made Chief Secretary of the President’s office. From May to September, 1915, he held the position of Minister of Finance. After the dissolution of the first parliament by President Yuan, Mr. Liang was made a member of the Council of State. Later he was appointed Director-General of the Customs Administration and Director-General of the Bureau of Taxes, which posts he held until the overthrow of Yuan’s monarchical movement in 1916.
Liang Shih-yi was a close follower of Yuan Shih-kai and one of his most intimate advisers, playing an important part in the developments which immediately preceded Yuan’s death. After Yuan’s death, Mr. Liang retired to private life in Hong Kong, where he remained until 1918, when he visited Japan. After his return to Hong Kong he was invited to visit Peking, which he did as an unofficial spokesman for the South. While in Peking at that time he was one of the promoters of the Anfu club, which was active during the election of parliament members in 1917. After a brief trip to Hong Kong he was appointed Speaker of the Senate. In 1920 he was appointed Director-General of the Domestic Loan Administration.
Mr. Liang is one of the richest men in China. In fact, he is so strong financially that he is frequently called the “living god of wealth.” He is the acknowledged leader of the old Chiao-tung Clique, and his influence is felt throughout the country. He is interested in industrial and commercial undertakings of every description and the ramifications of his influence are far-reaching. His most recent political position was that of Premier of Chang Tso-lin’s “Coalition Cabinet” and it was against him that Wu Pei-fu directed his attack. He resigned shortly after the commencement of hostilities and withdrew to his home in Tientsin.
Liang is one of the finest examples of the old Chinese scholar-politician. His closest associates both in business and politics are Chow Tse Chi and Yeh Kung Chow. Heretofore he and his party have been a power in governmental affairs either as active office-holders or indirectly. In financial and business affairs he is connected with the most modern and progressive enterprises and it is highly probable that when the old order has been changed and the younger generation of modern trained Chinese are in control, Liang’s influence will still be felt.
17
C. C. NIEH.
Mr. NIEH is one of China’s foremost industrial leaders, educationalists and philanthropists. He was born in Changsha, Hunan Province, in 1880, the son of the famous Nieh Chih-kuei, Tao tai Of Shanghai and Governor of Kiangsu and Chekiang Provinces. Under private tutors he studied Chinese classics and alone continued his education along engineering lines. At the age of twenty-five years Mr. Nieh began his career as cotton mill operator, when he, with some influential friends, purchased the Heng Foong Cotton Mill in Yangtsepoo. Since then he has added to his holdings in the cotton textile industry, being interested in the Dah Sung Mills of Tungchow and Chungming and the Anglo-Chinese Cotton Mill of Shanghai.
He is an ardent advocate of the establishment of vocational educational schools and takes a prominent part in movements for the organization of such institutions. In 1915, Mr. Nieh was Vice-Chairman of the Chinese Commercial Committee that toured the United States, and he was instrumental in influencing American cotton experts to visit China as technical advisers in cotton culture.
Mr. Nieh attributes his success in industrial fields to the fact that he follows modern methods of factory management. His operators receive better pay and work shorter hours under far better conditions than are the general rule in China. He is a heavy contributor to many educational, religious, philanthropic and social service organizations. Prominent in Y. M. C. A. work, he has served on various committees and as a Director of that organization for many years. In 1920 he was Chairman of the Chinese Chamber of Commerce. He has been President of the Chinese Cotton Mill Owners’ Association, and has held such positions in educational movements as member of the advisory committee of the Chi Ming, McTyiere and Chi Hsueh Girls’ Schools, and Director of Futan College.
Mr. Nieh is pointing the way to prosperity in China by the adoption of modern methods of industrial organization and operation. He is very wealthy, but, like Andrew Carnegie, is making every effort to die a poor man.
18
SHIH CHAO CHI (Dr. Alfred Sao-Ke Sze).
DR. ALFRED SZE, Chinese Minister to the United States, is one of China's leading diplomats of the new school. He was born in Chengtse, Kiangsu, forty-five years ago. His early modern education was received at St. John's University at Shanghai, and in 1893 he came to America to carry on his pursuit of Western learning. Dr. Sze prepared for college in Washington High School from 1893 to 1896, and in 1897 entered Cornell University, from which he was graduated in 1901 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and that of Master of Arts in 1902. As an undergraduate at Cornell he took a prominent part in student activities and was elected editor of the “Cornellian."
Upon his return to China in 1902, Dr. Sze was made Secretary to Viceroy Chang Chih-tung and in 1904 Secretary to Viceroy Tuan Fang. He became Director of the Peking-Hankow Railway in 1907 and was Director of Northern Railways in 1909. The next year he was Junior Councilor to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the year after that was promoted to the post of Senior Councilor to that Board. Following the outbreak of the revolution in 1911, he was tendered the offices of Chinese Minister to the United States, Peru, Mexico and Cuba, but declined all. In the first republican cabinet he held the position of Minister of Posts and Communications and for a time was Acting Minister of Finance.
In 1914 he was appointed Minister to Great Britain, which post he held until 1920, when he came to America as Minister at Washington to succeed Wellington Koo, who followed him as Minister at London.
Dr. Sze was chief Chinese delegate to the recent Conference on the Limitation of Armaments at Washington, at which he played a prominent part and by his brilliancy in argument and familiarity with the issues involved did much toward securing for China the many advantages she obtained.
He returned to China at the close of the conference to report to his Government, and remained at Peking for several months, until shortly after the installation of Li Yuan Hung as President, when he left to resume his duties as Minister at Washington.
19
SUN WEN (Sun Yat Sen)
SUN YAT SEN, sometimes called the “Father of the Chinese Republic/’ was, perhaps, more than anyone else responsible for the overthrow of the Manchu dynasty. He was born in 1866 in Kwang-tung Province. Educated first in the Anglican Mission School, he later studied in Honolulu, and on returning to China entered Queen’s College at Hong Kong.
He has been the most persistent and ardent advocate of democracy in China. For years he did not dare set foot in his country, but travelled the world, organizing his compatriots for the throwing off of the Manchu yoke. He planned the revolution of 1911, but was in the United States when the actual fighting was prematurely precipitated in Wuchang by the arrest and execution of several of the revolutionary leaders there. Dr. Sun reached Nanking as soon as possible, and there was elected Provisional President of the Chinese Republic. This office he resigned in favor of Yuan Shih Kai.
In 1912 he was appointed, by President Yuan, Director in charge of the enormous plans for railroad development which he advocated. He vigorously opposed Yuan in his efforts to establish himself as Emperor and later when Tuan Chi-jui as Premier dissolved Parliament in 1917, Dr. Sun, calling the members of Parliament to him, established the so-called “Constitutional Government” at Canton.
Since then he has steadily attacked the right of Feng Kuo-chang and Hsu Shih Chang to hold office, on the ground that they were not elected to office by due process. When the Kwangsi forces drove him out of Canton he retired to Shanghai, where he busied himself in preparation for the campaign prosecuted by Chen Chiung Ming in the fall of 1920, which resulted in the Kwangsi troops being expelled and Sun restored to power in Canton.
His chief associates in the recent so-called “Southern Government” were Tang Shao Yi and the late Wu Ting Fang. Dr. Sun has always denied any personal ambition or desire to hold office. It was this position on his part which made it seem likely that it would be impossible for the “Southern Government” to unite with any party in the North for the unification of the country, and which compelled Chen Chiung-ming to break with Dr. Sun and himself undertake the negotiations. He has made several futile attempts to dislodge Chen Chiung-ming;
20
but, although his personal following is large, he has never been successful as a military leader.
His troops in the North of Kwangtung have met successive reverses, while Dr. Sun on a gunboat in the river at Canton, has hurled defiance at the victors and ineffectually bombarded the city. At length advised of the collapse of his campaign on land he went to Hong Kong on a British man-of-war; from there to Shanghai, where he doubtless will take a residence in the international settlement, and from whence, because of his still large personal following, he will continue to influence, if not take an active part in the reorganization of the country.
TANG SHAO YI.
TANG SHAO YI is one of the earliest Chinese returned students. Born in Kwangtung in 1860, he was one of the first group sent by his government to the United States. Here he studied at Columbia University, but was recalled by his government before his graduation because of the skepticism on the part of the then Chinese Minister at Washington as to the real usefulness of Western education.
The year following his return he was given a post in the Korean Maritime Customs Bureau. Here he attracted the attention of Yuan Shih-kai and was appointed Secretary to the Imperial Resident in Korea. Following the Sino-Japanese War he was made Consul-General in Seoul. In 1900 he cooperated with Yuan Shih-kai in Shantung in suppressing the anti-foreign movement which originated there, and in 1902 he was made Customs Taotai of Tientsin.
Mr. Tang was appointed Special Commissioner to Tibet in 1904 and visited India as China's envoy to negotiate the Tibet convention. In 1906 he was successively Junior Vice-President of the Board of Foreign Affairs, Director-General of the Shanghai-Nanking Railway, and the Lu-Han Railway, Comptroller-General of the Revenue Council in Peking, Senior Vice-President of the Board of Communications and Vice-President of the Board of Foreign Affairs.
The next year he was made first Governor of Fengtien under Hsu Shih Chang, the then Viceroy of Manchuria, and in the following year was sent to the United States as Special Envoy to thank our government for the remission of the surplus of
21
the Boxer indemnity. In 1911 he was made Minister of Communications and in December of the same year he was Yuan Shih-kai’s delegate to negotiate with the revolutionary leaders for peace. Following the abdication of the Manchu Emperor, Mr. Tang was appointed Prime Minister. He resigned this portfolio in June of the same year and became High Adviser to the President.
As President Yuan’s monarchical movement developed, Mr. Tang more strongly opposed it. At Yuan’s death in 1916, Mr. Tang was made Minister of Foreign Affairs, but did not take office because of opposition in Peking. Since the last dissolution of Parliament he has been opposed to the Peking Government. With Sun Yat Sen and Wu Ting Fang, he formed the triumvirate which led the so-called “Southern Government.”
Mr. Tang has a very wide circle of friends among Occidentals, with whom he is very popular. He is not as bitterly partisan as some of his associates in the Canton Government and it is to be expected that should he accept the invitation recently extended him by Li Yuan Hung to be Premier in the cabinet of reunification, he will play a prominent and influential part in the solution of his country’s present internal difficulties.
TSAI TING KAN.
i- '	*	■ r ...ii » '
■ s <
ADMIRAL TSAI TING KAN is one of the finest examples of the possibilities of combined Chinese and American culture. Born in Kwangtung in 1861, after primary education at a country school, he studied at the Chinese Educational Mission School in Shanghai. He was one of the first students sent to America in 1873, where he entered Hartford Grammar School, from which he later transferred to New Britain High School.
He returned to China in 1881 with other Chinese Government students because of the complaint of the then Chinese Minister at Washington that the students were being taught disrespect for their elders and were forgetting their mother tongue. After his return to China, Mr. Tsai joined the Torpedo School at Taku, upon his graduation from which he became Captain of a torpedo boat; in 1892 Commodore of the Fleet, and in 1912 became Vice-Admiral. The next year he was appointed Chief Inspector of the Salt Administration and resigned
22
this post to become Associate-Director of the Customs Administration. He was Chief English Secretary under President Yuan Shih-kai.
Admiral Tsai is well known to many Americans, especially at Peking, where he plays a prominent part in the social life of the legations. His ability as a public speaker, in which he charmingly combines Chinese wit and satire with the colloquial speech of New England, is proverbial. The Admiral’s latest appearance in the United States was during the recent Conference on the Limitation of Armaments at Washington, to which he was accredited as an adviser to the Chinese Delegation.
He is a most ardent friend of America and advocate of American methods, and among Americans he is one of the most popular Chinese.
TSAO KUN (Field Marshal).
TSAO KUN is a leader in the Peiyang Party and is one of China’s foremost Tuchuns. He was bom in the Province of Chihli in 1862. Thirty-five years ago he was a soldier in the ranks, when he took up the study of military science, graduating from the Military Academy in 1890. For five years he was a professor at his alma mater and then was appointed Director of the Soldiers’ Training School at Shiao-Chan, where Marshal Tuan Chi-jui was the chief.
Following the Boxer uprising he was made colonel of a regiment and in 1902 was promoted to be brigadier-general. From 1903 to 1911 he was stationed in Manchuria as division commander, and on the outbreak of the first revolution was ordered into Northern Chihli to stem the tide of revolt. In 1915 he led the campaign against General Tsao Ao of Szechuan, who rose against Yuan Shih-kai’s imperialistic movement. At President Yuan’s death he returned to Chihli and was made Tuchun of that province.
In 1917, General Tsao was appointed Commanderin-Chief of troops in the Lianghu provinces, and two years later was made Commander-in-Chief of Szechuan, Kwangtung, Hunan and Hupeh. It wras his troops who recaptured Yochow and Changsha from the Southern forces. His ablest general at that time was Wu Pei-fu, who has since then grown so strong that he has successfully opposed his former chief.
23
TUAN CHI JUI (Field Marshal).
GENERAL TUAN is the recognized leader of the Peiyang or Military Party in China. Born in Anwhei, he attended the Peiyang Military Academy, and after his graduation served in the army in various subordinate positions. When Yuan was Viceroy of Chihli, General Tuan was made Chief Military Adviser. In 1906 he was made Brigadier-General in Fukien and was promoted to full-fledged General in 1909, when he commanded the Sixth Division of the Luchun. He succeeded Yuan as Viceroy of the Hukuang provinces. In 1911 he commanded the first army which fought against the revolutionists at Wuchang, yet he was one of the military commanders to sign the memorial in 1912 urging the Emperor to abdicate.
He was made Minister of War in the first republican cabinet and three years later was made Field Marshal. Marshal Tuan has been Premier three times; first in 1913, again after Yuan Shih-kai’s death, and in 1917, when he overthrew Chang Hsun’s monarchical movement.
He is courageous, simple-minded and sincere. He has never lost the confidence of the Chinese people, who regard him as one of the grand old men of the country who may sometimes be wrong, but never intentionally so. He was one of the leaders of the Anfu group in 1920 which was overthrown by Wu Pei-fu in the summer of 1920.
During the fighting around Peking in the summer of that year he lived quietly in his home at Tuan-ho, near Peking, and since that time has remained in retirement.
WANG CHING CHUN (C. C. Wang).
DR. C. C. WANG, born in Chihli in 1882, studied for some time in the Peking Methodist University, then went to America in 1904, where he studied in various universities. He was graduated from Yale University in 1908 as civil engineer and from the University of Illinois with a degree of Master of Arts in 1909 and Ph. D. in 1911. While in America he was very prominent in student activities, both at the universities and in the Chinese student associations throughout the country. He studied railway administration in Europe and upon his return to China was appointed member of the Ministry of Communications.
24
During the period of the Provisional Government in 1912, President Yuan repeatedly offered him the post of English Secretary, but he declined. Later he was made Co-Director of the Peking-Hankow and Peking-Mukden Railway. With Dr. Chen Chin Tao he was sent to America to arrange for a site for the Chinese exhibit at the Panama Exposition in San Francisco. On his return to China he was appointed Vice Chairman of the Committee on Unification of Railway Accounts and Statistics. Later he held concurrently the posts of Director of the Department of Railway Finance and Accounts and Acting Director-General in the Ministry of Communications.
In 1917 he was appointed Acting Managing-Director of the Peking-Mukden Railway. While holding this post he ordered the withdrawal of all rolling stock from Koupangtze, and so prevented the bandit troops of Gen. Feng Ling Kuo from raiding Peking, at the time of Chang Hsun’s attempted monarchical restoration. In recognition of this valued service he was promoted to Managing-Director of Peking-Hankow Railway, which office he resigned in the winter of 1919, following his return from Europe, where he had been sent as technical delegate to the Peace Conference at Paris. In April, 1920, he was appointed associate General-Manager of the Chinese Eastern Railways.
Dr. Wang is one of those returned students on whom so much reliance has been placed by Americans and modernized Chinese. He is interested in Y. M. C. A. work and many social and philanthropic movements.
By perseverance and hard work Dr. Wang has demonstrated the superiority of efficiency in departmental administration over the old methods of Chinese bureaucracy. The success which he has won is one of the real causes for the present growing demand on the part of the mass of the Chinese people for real capacity in office-holders.
WANG CHUNG HUI.
WANG CHUNG HUI was born in Kwangshi in 1882. He studied at Peiyang University in Tientsin from 1895 to 1900, and during the Boxer trouble went to Japan, where he studied political affairs. After that he went to America and in 1904 received the degree of D. C. L. from Yale University. In 1905 he continued the study of jurisprudence and international law in England, France and Germany.
25
He was made assistant to Lu Chang Hsiang, China’s representative at the Second Hague Conference in 1907. At the Conference at Nanking following the revolution in 1911 Dr. Wang represented Kwangtung. Later he was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government at Nanking, and in March of 1912 was made Minister of Justice in the first republican government at Peking. This office, however, he resigned in July of the same year, following the resignation of Tang Shao-yi as Premier.
He was next offered the position of Chief Adviser to Minister of Foreign Affairs, which appointment he declined, going to Shanghai, where he engaged in journalistic work. In 1915 he was very active in opposition to Yuan Shih-kai and his efforts and influence largely contributed to the overthrow of Yuan’s monarchical movement.
In 1916 he was appointed President of the Civil and Criminal Law Codification Committee, in charge of that vitally important work, upon the success of which hinges the abolition of extraterritoriality. In 1920 he was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and last year was one of the three Chinese delegates to the Conference for the Limitation of Armaments at Washington, where his irrefutable arguments and brilliant speaking made him an outstanding character.
Since his return to China he has taken an active part in the efforts to bring about the reunification of the country and has been considered for various portfolios in the tentative cabinet now being organized.
It is certain that in the years to come Dr. Wang will play a very prominent part in Chinese affairs.
Editor's Note : According to news just received Dr. Wang has been appointed Acting Premier.
WANG CHENG TING (C. T. Wang).
C. T. WANG, as he is known to foreigners, is perhaps the best known Chinese not in the diplomatic corps. He was born in Ningpo, in the Province of Chekiang, in 1882. After receiving his preliminary education in his native province he went north, where he studied in the Peiyang University at Tientsin. After his graduation from that institution he taught in various schools and then went to Japan as a Y. M. C. A. secretary. In 1907 Dr. Wang came to America, where he first entered the University of Michigan. Between 1908 and 1911 he attended Yale University, from which he
26
was graduated in 1910 with a degree of Bachelor of Arts. He returned to China in 1911, and was appointed Secretary of Chinese Y. M. C. A. at Shanghai.
Soon after the first revolution he actively identified himself with the revolutionary leaders and worked for a time under Li Yuan Hung, whose representative he was at the peace conference held at Shanghai. He was elected a member of the Provisional Legislature held at Nanking in 1912, and went to Peking when the national government was transferred to that city. He was appointed Vice Minister of Commerce and Industry by President Yuan and later acted as Minister. At the convening of the first parliament in 1913 he was elected Vice Speaker of the Senate.
When parliament was dissolved by President Yuan, Dr. Wang retired into private life, from which he emerged to become Secretary of the Y. M. C. A. After the death of Yuan Shih-kai in 1916, parliament was reconvened and Dr. Wang resumed his post as ViceSpeaker of the Senate, which position he held until parliament was again dissolved by Li Yuan Hung in 1917. Dr. Wang then went to Shanghai and became one of the leaders of the “Constitutionalist Party” opposing the Peking Government. He was for a time an ardent supporter of Dr. Sun Yat Sen, and in 1918 was sent to Washington by the Southern Government to plead its case before President Wilson.
He was one of the chief Chinese delegates to the Peace Conference at Paris as a representative of the Southern Government, and with Wellington Koo ably presented China’s case there. Upon his return to China he did not return to Peking to make a formal report to the Government, but settled in Shanghai, where he became associated with C. C. Nieh in various industrial and commercial enterprises.
Since that time he has remained aloof from politics, taking the position that until both the Northern and Southern factions showed a stronger disposition to work together he could accomplish little. He is a brilliant speaker, both in English and Chinese, being so eloquent in his own language that among his own people he is often called the “silver-tongued.”
He has recently accepted an appointment as Director General of the Office of Rehabilitation of the Shantung Rights. Since he has again entered the political arena, it is to be hoped that Dr. Wang will continue to lend his influence and energy to the solution of his country’s problems.
27
WU CHAO CHUN (C. C. Wu).
DR. C. C. WU is the son of the distinguished diplomat, Wu Ting-fang. He was born in Kwangtung in 1886. Graduated from Atlantic City, N. J., High School in the United States, he studied at the University of London and Lincoln’s Inn, London, receiving the degree of Barrister-at-Law and LL. B.
On his return to China he was made Minister of Foreign Affairs for Hupeh in 1912, and later in the same year was made Secretary of the Treaty Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The following year he was representative of Kwantung in Parliament and a member of the Constitution-Drafting Committee. As a member of the Kuomintang, or Constitutionalist Party, he has been a follower of Sun Yat Sen and an ardent supporter of the so-called “Southern Government,” at times bitterly opposed to Peking.
In 1920 Dr. Wu was Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs for the Canton Government, and in 1921 he was invited to be a member of the Chinese Delegation to the Conference on the Limitation of Armaments at Washington as a representative of the “Southern Government,” but he refused to attend.
WU PEI FU (Field Marshal).
GENERAL WU PEI FU is the most popular military man in China today, and the outstanding figure in Chinese politics. He was born in Shantung in 1873. At the age of twenty-one, by competitive literary examination, he earned the Chinese equivalent of the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Chinese literature, however, was not sufficiently interesting to him and so he determined on a military career. Entering himself, in 1898, in Kai Ping Military Academy, near Peking, he graduated from that institution with honors. He first served under General Nieh, who was killed while in command of the Taku forts during the Boxer uprising in 1900.
Shortly after, General Wu studied military tactics under Marshal Tuan Chi-jui. Next he joined the Third Division under General Tsao Kun as training officer, and under General Tsao advanced to rank of battalion commander. When that Division was stationed in Manchuria, General Wu gained a large reputation by his success in the suppression of Hunghutsu
28
in the three eastern provinces. He commanded the Sixth Brigade in the expedition to Szechuan against Yunnan and Kwangsi, when those two provinces first moved to oppose President Yuan’s plan for an empire.
Upon Yuan’s death in 1916 his Division was recalled and in the fall of the same year Tsao Kun was appointed Tuchun of Chihli Province, General Wu succeeding his chief as Commander of the Third Division. His troops fought against Chang Hsun in the summer of 1917, and in the spring of 1918, as Tsao Kun’s chief lieutenant, undertook the recapture of Hunan from the South. Yochow and Changsha were retaken.
In the spring of 1920, his troops held a position in Hunan ostensibly opposing General Tan Yen Kai of the Southern Army. His men being in arrears in pay, he abandoned his position in Hunan and withdrew his army north along the Peking-Hankow Railroad to Pao-tingfu, the capital of Chihli, from whence he launched his attack on Peking, then controlled by Tuan Chi-jui and the pro-Japanese Anfu group.
To outward appearances Wu was still a lieutenant of Tsao Kun, but as a matter of fact Tsao stood in the position of siding with the President, Hsu Shi Chang, and seemed powerless to stop the insubordination of his junior. Apparently, Wu Pei-fu on his own responsibility carried on the campaign, which resulted in the dissolution of the Anfu cabinet. The fruit of his victory, however, was snatched from him at the last minute by Chang Tso-lin, who sided with Tsao and at the conference at Tientsin between Chang Tso-lin and Tsao Kun, who advocated a people’s conference, Wu was utterly ignored by the two Field Marshals. Accordingly, he withdrew his army to Hankow, where he bided his time. There his strength increased rapidly until in 1921, when Wang Chan Yuan, the High Inspector General of the Liang Hu Provinces, Hupeh and Hunan, was overthrown, the only one who was eligible to succeed him was Wu.
In the winter of 1921-1922, when Chang Tso-lin’s “coalition cabinet’ seemed backward in supporting the Chinese delegates at the Washington Conference and was even suspected of direct negotiation with the Japanese regarding the restoration of Shantung, Wu, charging Chang and his cabinet with being traitors, again started north. Apparently the odds greatly favored Chang, because his army was larger, better equipped and better financed than Wu’s. But Wu’s men, of much higher calibre individually than Chang’s and under the inspiration of his personality, with the
29
able assistance of the Christian General, Feng Yu Hsiang, and his army, decisively defeated Chang-Tso-lin and drove him and his scattered forces north of the Great Wall. From this he emerged as the strongest individual in China.
Wu Pei-fu is a fighting general. He, himself, leads his men in action and by recklessly exposing himself to danger inspires his soldiers. From time to time, of necessity, he has supported himself and his men by levies upon chambers of commerce, by the seizure of the receipts of the Kin-Han Railroad, but there has never been any suspicion that any of the money so taken was used by him personally.
He advocates a new government ab initio and a parliament of representatives elected in truly democratic fashion, the abolition of the Tuchun system, and the adoption of all Occidental phases of civilization adaptable to the Chinese and by which they may benefit.
YEN HUI CHING (W. W. Yen).
W. W. YEN, recently Acting Premier, was born in Shanghai in 1877. After preliminary study in local schools he began his education in Occidental ways at St. John’s University in 1891. He attended Tung Wen College from 1893 to 1895, when he left for America.
In the United States, after preparation in a Virginia high school, he entered the University of Virginia, from which he was graduated in 1900 with the degree of Bachellor of Arts. At the University, Dr. Yen made an exceedingly fine record for scholarship, being awarded many prizes for debate and being elected to Phi Beta Kappa.
Dr. Yen returned to China in 1900, and was Professor of English at St. John’s until 1906, when he entered the field of journalism as editor of the Commercial Press. In 1908 he was Second Secretary of the legation at Washington, under Wu Ting-fang, but stayed only one year before again returning to China to organize a press bureau at Peking.
After various promotions he became Under Secretary of Foreign Affairs in 1912 under the first republican government. A year later he was appointed Minister to Germany and Denmark. He remained in Germany until China’s declaration of war, when he went to Denmark, where he remained until 1920. Shortly after his return to China he was made Minister of Foreign
30
Affairs, which post he has held in several of the succeeding cabinets.
Dr. Yen is one of the real patriots of China to whom a large share in the task of working out the country’s political salvation will be entrusted. His reputation for disinterested service is second to none. He sides with no faction or party, but always strives toward the welfare of the nation as a whole.
During the present unsettled conditions he has served as Acting Premier, and it is safe to predict that in the task of reunification he will play a prominent part.
31
The China Society of America, Inc.
19 West 44th Street
New York City
an organization supported entirely by membership fees and personal contributions.
Its aim is the promotion of friendship, peace and com mercial intercourse between China and the United States of America.
President—William F. Carey
Managing Director—Robert McElroy
Treasurer—Edward C. Delafield Pice-Presidents—Edward B. Bruce
Jeremiah W. Jenks
K. C. Li
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
One Year to 1923
Mrs. John Allan Dougherty Mrs. Murray Whiting Ferris Mrs. Simeon Ford
Miss Welthy B. Honsinger William C. Breed
William F. Carey
Ralph Dawson Charles Hayden
K. C. Li
Ma Soo
Two Years to 1924
John Jay Abbott
Edward B. Bruce Charles R. Crane Andrew B. Humphrey G. Ellsworth Huggins
Ginarn Lao
Howard S. Moy
Charles P. Perin
Merle R. Walker
L. R. Wilfley
Three Years to 1925
Frank G. Barry Abram E. Cory Jeremiah W. Jenks E. M. McBrier Tsze E. Pun
Paul S. Reinsch F. R. Sandford, Jr Louis L. Seaman Percy Silver Ralph A. Ward
“WITHIN THE FOUR SEAS ALL ARE BROTHERS.”